Ghost Gear Report - 60

ENDNOTES
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FAO (2020). The State of World Fisheries and
Aquaculture (SOFIA), http://www.fao.org/3/
ca9229en/CA9229EN.pdf)
See https://www.ghostgear.org/news/2018/7/6/
gggi-ghost-gear-reporter-app
See http://fishingforlitter.org/
PEW and SYSTEMIQ (2020). Breaking the
Plastic Wave, https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/
assets/2020/07/breakingtheplasticwave_report.
pdf; Jambeck et al. (2015). Other sources cite
8.28 Mt (UNEP, (2018), Mapping of global
plastic value chain and plastics losses to the
environment, http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/
handle/20.500.11822/26745/mapping_plastics.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y); 9.5 Mt (Boucher and
Friot (2017), Primary Microplastics in the Oceans,
https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/
documents/2017-002-En.pdf); and 12.2 Mt (Eunomia (2016), Plastics in the Marine Environment,
https://www.eunomia.co.uk/reports-tools/plastics-in-the-marine-environment/).
Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R.,
Perryman, M., Andrady, A., ... & Law, K. L. (2015).
Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.
Science, 347(6223), 768-771.
Macfadyen, G., Huntington, T., Cappell, R..(2009).
Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing
gear. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies 185.
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper
523., Aquaculture.
Lebreton, L., Slat, B., Ferrari, F., Sainte-Rose, B.,
Aitken, J., Marthouse, R., Hajbane, S., Cunsolo, S.,
Schwarz, A., Levivier, A., Noble, K., Debeljak, P.,
Maral, H., Schoeneich-Argent, R., Brambini, R.,
Reisser, J. (2018). Evidence that the Great Pacific
Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci.
Rep. 8, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-01822939-w
Wilcox, C., Mallos, N. J., Leonard, G. H., Rodriguez, A. & Hardesty, B. D. (2016). Using expert
elicitation to estimate the impacts of plastic pollution on marine wildlife. Mar. Policy 65, 107-114
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological
Diversity and the Scientific and Technical Advisory
Panel-GEF (2012). Impacts of Marine Debris on
Biodiversity: Current Status and Potential Solutions, Montreal, Technical Series No. 67, 61 pages.
University of Exeter (2019, July 4). Hundreds of
sharks and rays tangled in plastic. ScienceDaily.
Retrieved June 13, 2020 from www.sciencedaily.
com/releases/2019/07/190704191427.htm
Balderson, S.D., Martin, L.E.C. (2015). Environmental impacts and causation of 'beached' Drifting
Fish Aggregating Devices around Seychelles
Islands: A preliminary report on data collected by
Island Conservation Society, 11th Working Party
on Ecosystems and Bycatch, 7-11 September 2015,
Olhão, Portugal.
Consoli, P., Romeo, T., Angiolillo, M., Canese, S.,
Esposito, V., Salvati, E., Scotti, G., Andaloro, F., Tunesi, L.(2019). Marine litter from fishery activities
in the Western Mediterranean sea: The impact of
entanglement on marine animal forests. Environ.
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Good, T.P., June, J.A., Etnier, M.A., Broadhurst,
G. (2010). Derelict fishing nets in Puget Sound
and the Northwest Straits: Patterns and threats to
marine fauna. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60, 39-50. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.005.
Valderrama Ballesteros, L., Matthews, J.L.,
Hoeksema, B.W. (2018). Pollution and coral
damage caused by derelict fishing gear on coral
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Pollut. Bull. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.033
Baeta, F., Jose Costa, M., & Cabral, H. (2009).
Trammel net's ghost fishing off the Portugueses
central coast. Fish. Res. 98, 33-39.
Erzini, K., Monteiro, C.C., Ribeiro, J., Santos, M.N.,
Gaspar, M., Monteiro, P., Borges, T.C. (1997). An
experimental study of gill net and trammel net
"ghost fishing" off the Algarve (southern Portugal).
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 158, 257-265. https://doi.
org/10.3354/meps158257
Good, T.P., June, J.A., Etnier, M.A., Broadhurst,
G. (2010). Derelict fishing nets in Puget Sound

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and the Northwest Straits: Patterns and threats to
marine fauna. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60, 39-50. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.005
Tschernij, Vesa & Larsson, P.-O. (2003). Ghost
fishing by lost cod gill nets in the Baltic Sea.
Fisheries Research. 64. 151-162. 10.1016/S01657836(03)00214-5
Al-Masroori, H., Al-Oufi, H., McIlwain, J. L., &
McLean, E. (2004). Catches of lost fish traps (ghost
fishing) from fishing grounds near Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Fisheries Research, 69(3), 407-414.
https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/reports/study-economic-impacts-marine-debris-beaches
Richardson, K., Hardesty, B. D., & Wilcox, C.
(2019). Estimates of fishing gear loss rates at a
global scale: A literature review and meta‐analysis.
Fish and Fisheries, 20(6), 1218-12310
Barnard, D.R. (2008). Fishery Data Series No .
08-05 Biodegradable Twine Report to the Alaska
Board of Fisheries.
Bilkovic, D.M., Havens, K.J., Stanhope, D.M.,
Angstadt, K.T. (2012). Use of Fully Biodegradable
Panels to Reduce Derelict Pot Threats to Marine
Fauna. Conserv. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1523-1739.2012.01939.x
Escalle, L., Phillips, J.S., Brownjohn, M., Brouwer,
S., Gupta, A. Sen, Sebille, E. Van, Hampton, J., Pilling, G. (2019). Environmental versus operational
drivers of drifting FAD beaching in the Western
and Central Pacific Ocean. Sci. Rep. 1-12. https://
doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50364-0
Gilman, E., Bigler, B., Muller, B., Moreno, G.,
Largacha, E.D., Hall, M., Poisson, F., Toole, J.,
He, P., Chiang, W.-C. (2018). Stakeholder views
on methods to identify ownership and track the
position of drifting fish aggregating devices with
reference to FAO's Draft Guidelines on the Marking
of Fishing Gear. FAO Fisheries Circular ISSN 04290329. Rome, Italy.
Lopez, J.; Ferarios, J.M.; Santiago, J.; Alvarez, O.G.;
Moreno, G.; Murua, H. (2016). Evaluating potential
biodegradable twines for use in the tropical tuna
fishery, report to the Scientific Committee of the
Western Central Pacific Fisheries Commission,
WDPFC-SC12-2016/ EB-IP-11. Bali, Indonesia.
Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R.,
Perryman, M., Andrady, A., ... & Law, K. L. (2015).
Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.
Science, 347(6223), 768-771.
Macfadyen, G., Huntington, T., Cappell, R. (2009).
Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing
gear. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies 185.
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper
523., Aquaculture.
Kim, S.G., Lee, W.I.L., Yuseok, M. (2014). The
estimation of derelict fishing gear in the coastal
waters of South Korea: Trap and gill-net fisheries.
Mar. Policy 46, 119-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpol.2014.01.006
Havens, K.J., Bilkovic, D.M., Stanhope, D.,
Angstadt, K., Hershner, C. (2008). The Effects of
Derelict Blue Crab Traps on Marine Organisms in
the Lower York River, Virginia. North Am. J. Fish.
Manag. 28, 1194-1200. https://doi.org/10.1577/
M07-014.1
Treble, M.A., Stewart, R.E.A. (2010). Impacts and
risks associated with a Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) gillnet fishery in inshore
areas of NAFO Subarea 0. Can. Sci. Advis. Secr.
Res. Doc. 032, i-v, 1-18
Szulc, M., Kasperek, S., Gruszka, P., Pieckiel, P.,
Grabia, M., Markowski, T. (2015). Removal of
Derelict Fishing Gear, Lost or Discarded by Fishermen in the Baltic Sea: Final Project Report. WWF
Poland.
Escalle, L., Phillips, J.S., Brownjohn, M., Brouwer,
S., Gupta, A. Sen, Sebille, E. Van, Hampton, J., Pilling, G. (2019). Environmental versus operational
drivers of drifting FAD beaching in the Western
and Central Pacific Ocean. Sci. Rep. 1-12. https://
doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50364-0.
Richardson, K., Hardesty, B. D., & Wilcox, C.
(2019). Estimates of fishing gear loss rates at a
global scale: A literature review and meta‐analysis.
Fish and Fisheries, 20(6), 1218-12310
Lively, J.A., Good, T.P. (2018). Ghost fishing, in:

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III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts.
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Kim, S. G., Lee, W. I., & Moon, Y. (2014). The estimation of derelict fishing gear in the coastal waters
of South Korea: Trap and gill-net fisheries. Marine
Policy, 119-122.
Lively, J.A., Good, T.P. (2018). Ghost fishing, in:
World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation Volume
III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts.
pp. 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12805052-1.00010-3.
Lebreton, L., Slat, B., Ferrari, F., Sainte-Rose, B.,
Aitken, J., Marthouse, R., Hajbane, S., Cunsolo, S.,
Schwarz, A., Levivier, A., Noble, K., Debeljak, P.,
Maral, H., Schoeneich-Argent, R., Brambini, R.,
Reisser, J. (2018). Evidence that the Great Pacific
Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci.
Rep. 8, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-01822939-w
Wilcox, C., Mallos, N. J., Leonard, G. H., Rodriguez, A. & Hardesty, B. D. (2016). Using expert
elicitation to estimate the impacts of plastic pollution on marine wildlife. Mar. Policy 65, 107-114
Brown, J, G. Macfadyen, T. Huntington, J. Magnus
and J. Tumilty (2005). Ghost Fishing by Lost
Fishing Gear. Final Report to DG Fisheries and
Maritime Affairs of the European Commission.
Fish/2004/20. Institute for European Environmental Policy / Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd joint report
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to evaluation and solutions.Fisheries Science
71: 691-702 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14442906.2005.01019.x).
Baeta, F., Jose Costa, M., & Cabral, H. (2009).
Trammel net's ghost fishing off the Portugueses
central coast. Fish. Res. 98, 33-39.
Erzini, K., Monteiro, C.C., Ribeiro, J., Santos, M.N.,
Gaspar, M., Monteiro, P., Borges, T.C. (1997). An
experimental study of gill net and trammel net
"ghost fishing" off the Algarve (southern Portugal).
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 158, 257-265. https://doi.
org/10.3354/meps15825.
Good, T.P., June, J.A., Etnier, M.A., Broadhurst, G.,
2010. Derelict fishing nets in Puget Sound and the
Northwest Straits: Patterns and threats to marine
fauna. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60, 39-50. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.005
Tschernij, Vesa & Larsson, P.-O. (2003). Ghost
fishing by lost cod gill nets in the Baltic Sea.
Fisheries Research. 64. 151-162. 10.1016/S01657836(03)00214-5
University of Exeter (2019, July 4). Hundreds of
sharks and rays tangled in plastic. ScienceDaily.
Retrieved June 13, 2020 from www.sciencedaily.
com/releases/2019/07/190704191427.htm
Hardesty, B. D., Good, T. P., & Wilcox, C. (2015).
Novel methods, new results and science-based
solutions to tackle marine debris impacts on wildlife. Ocean & Coastal Management, 115, 4-9
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elasmobranchs, Marine Pollution Bulletin http://
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Tanja S. Zabka, Martin Haulena, Birgit Puschner,
Frances M. D. Gulland, Patricia A. Conrad, and
L. J. Lowenstine (2006) Acute Lead Toxicosis in a
Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) Consequent
to Ingestion of a Lead Fishing Sinker. Journal of
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Marine Debris Program (2016). 2016 MARINE
DEBRIS HABITAT REPORT Habitat Marine
Debris Impacts on Coastal and Benthic Habitats
2016 NOAA Marine Debris Program Report 26.
Balderson, S.D., Martin, L.E.C. (2015). Environmental impacts and causation of 'beached' Drifting
Fish Aggregating Devices around Seychelles
Islands: A preliminary report on data collected by
Island Conservation Society, 11th Working Party
on Ecosystems and Bycatch, 7-11 September 2015,
Olhão, Portugal.
Ghost Gear Report

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Ghost Gear Report
