COVID-19 Report - 37

Endnotes
1	

Case and death totals as of 31/05/2020. John
Hopkins University. "COVID-19 Dashboard."
(https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/
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2	 Our World in Data. "Causes of Death." (2019)
3	Mackenzie et al. "COVID-19: a novel zoonotic
disease caused by a coronavirus from China:
what we know and what we don't." (2020)
4	Jones et al. "Global trends in emerging infectious diseases." (2008)
5	Cui et al. "Effect of Intermediate Hosts on
Emerging Zoonoses." (2017)
6	 United States Environmental Protection Agency. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical
Passenger Vehicle." (n.d.) (https://www.epa.
gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions-typical-passenger-vehicle)
7	Nowak et al. "Tree and forest effects on air
quality and human health in the United
States." (2014)
8	 Muehlenbein. "Human-Wildlife Contact and
Emerging Infectious Diseases." (2012)
9	Johnson et al. "Global shifts in mammalian
population trends reveal key predictors of virus
spillover risk." (2020)
10	Civitello et al. "Biodiversity inhibits parasites:
broad evidence for the dilution effect." (2015)
11	Wood et al. "Does biodiversity protect humans
against infectious disease?" (2014)
12	 Civitello, David J., Jeremy Cohen, Hiba Fatima,
Neal T. Halstead, Josue Liriano, Taegan A. McMahon, C. Nicole Ortega et al. "Biodiversity inhibits parasites: broad evidence for the dilution
effect." Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 112, no. 28 (2015): 8667-8671.
13	Jones et al. "Global trends in emerging infectious diseases." (2008)
14	Jones et al. "Global trends in emerging infectious diseases." (2008)
15	Morse et al. "Prediction and prevention of the
next pandemic zoonosis." (2012)
16	Woo et al. "Infectious diseases emerging from
Chinese wet-markets: zoonotic origins of severe
respiratory viral infections." (2006)
17	Frutos et al. "COVID-19: The Conjunction of
Events Leading to the Coronavirus Pandemic
and Lessons to Learn for Future Threats."
(2020)
18	 WHO, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Situation report-94 https://www.who.int/
docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200423-sitrep-94-covid-19.
pdf?sfvrsn=b8304bf0_4
19	Chomel et al. "Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and
Emerging Zoonoses." (2007)
20	Woo et al. "Infectious diseases emerging from
Chinese wet-markets: zoonotic origins of severe
respiratory viral infections." (2006)
21	Han et al. "Global patterns of zoonotic disease
in mammals." (2016)
22	Challander et al. "International trade and
trafficking in pangolins, 1900-2019." (2020)
23	Zhang et al. "Wildlife trade, consumption and
conservation awareness in southwest China."
(2008)
24	Ying et al. "Rethinking game consumption in
tourism: a case of the 2019 novel coronavirus
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25	 FAO. "Sustainable wildlife management
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forestry/42038-01680c75fdb9aaee8da6f45c1c38696a5.pdf)
26	Müller et al. "MERS coronavirus neutralizing
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27	Coad et al. "Towards a sustainable, participatory and inclusive wild meat sector. CIFOR,
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28	 Van Vliet et al. "Bushmeat and human health:
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29	Kumpel et al. "Ebola and bushmeat: myth and
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30	 Note: Ebola outbreaks are also closely linked
to passive contacts with wildlife due to greater
penetration of virgin habitats through deforestation. See case study 2 for more information.
31	 WHO. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome."

(n.d.) (https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/
en/)
32	 "Summary of probable SARS cases with onset
of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July
2003." (2003) (https://www.who.int/csr/sars/
country/table2004_04_21/en/)
33	 World Bank. "People, pathogens and our
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pdf/691450ESW0whit0D0ESW120PPPvol120web.pdf)
34	 WHO. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome."
(n.d.) (https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/
en/)
35	Bell et al. "Animal origins of SARS coronavirus:
possible links with the international trade in
small carnivores." (2004)
36	Bell et al. "Animal origins of SARS coronavirus:
possible links with the international trade in
small carnivores." (2004)
37	Wang et al. "SARS-CoV infection in a restaurant from palm civet." (2004)
38	Bell et al. "Animal origins of SARS coronavirus:
possible links with the international trade in
small carnivores." (2004)
39	 Brook & Dobson. "Bats as 'special' reservoirs
for emerging zoonotic pathogens." (2015)
40	 World Bank. "People, pathogens and our
planet." (2012) (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/612341468147856529/
pdf/691450ESW0whit0D0ESW120PPPvol120web.pdf)
41	 "World Health Report: SARS" (n.d.) (https://
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html)
42	Curtis et al. "Classifying drivers of global forest
loss." (2019)
43	 NYDF Assessment Partners. "Protecting and
Restoring Forests: A Story of Large Commitments yet Limited Progress. New York Declaration on Forests Five-Year Assessment Report."
(2019)
44	 Chatham House. "Agricultural Commodity
Supply Chains Trade, Consumption and Deforestation." (2016)
45	Edwards et al. "Maintaining ecosystem function and services in logged tropical forests."
(2014)
46	 IPCC. "IPCC 2019 Climate Change and Land."
(2019)
47	Curtis et al. "Classifying drivers of global forest
loss." (2019)
48	Rogan et al. "Impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation on terrestrial biodiversity." (2018)
49	Keesing et al. "Impacts of biodiversity on the
emergence and transmission of infectious
diseases." (2010)
50	Rulli et al. "The nexus between forest fragmentation in Africa and Ebola virus diseases
outbreaks." (2017)
51	Rulli et al. "The nexus between forest fragmentation in Africa and Ebola virus diseases
outbreaks." (2017)
52	 CDC. "2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa." (2019) (https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/
history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html)
53	 WHO. "Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo." (2020) (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/ebola/drc-2019)
54	 World Bank. "2014-2015 West Africa Ebola
Crisis: Impact Update." (2016) (https://www.
worldbank.org/en/topic/macroeconomics/
publication/2014-2015-west-africa-ebola-crisis-impact-update)
55	 Office of the United Nations Special Envoy on
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56	 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/
detail/ebola-virus-disease
57	 CDC. "2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa." (2019) (https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/
history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html)
58	 CDC. "Cost of the Ebola Epidemic." (n.d.)
(https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/impact-ebola-economy.pdf)
59	 Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. "Guinean
Forests of West Africa Biodiversity Hotspot."
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files/en_guinean_forests_ecosystem_profile.
pdf)
60	Tyukavina et al. "Congo Basin forest loss
dominated by increasing smallholder clearing."
(2018) (https://advances.sciencemag.org/

content/4/11/eaat2993)
61	 World Bank. "Deforestation Trends in the
Congo Basin Reconciling Economic Growth
and Forest Protection." (2013)
62	Rulli et al. "The nexus between forest fragmentation in Africa and Ebola virus disease
outbreaks." (2017) (https://www.nature.com/
articles/srep41613)
63	Olivero et al. "Recent loss of closed forests is
associated with Ebola virus disease outbreaks."
(2017) (https://www.nature.com/articles/
s41598-017-14727-9)
64	Rulli et al. "The nexus between forest fragmentation in Africa and Ebola virus disease
outbreaks." (2017) (https://www.nature.com/
articles/srep41613)
65	 Bloomfield et al. "Habitat fragmentation, livelihood behaviors, and contact between people
and nonhuman primates in Africa." (2020)
66	Huber et al. "The Economic and Social Burden
of the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa."
(2018) (https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/infdis/
jiy213/5129071)
67	 CDC. "Cost of the Ebola Epidemic." (n.d.)
(https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/impact-ebola-economy.pdf)
68	 Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations. "Impact of the Ebola virus
disease outbreak on market chains and trade of
agricultural products in West Africa." (2016)
69	 WHO. "Ebolavirus disease fact sheet." https://
www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/
ebola-virus-disease
70	Wang, et al. "From Hendra to Wuhan: what
has been learned in responding to emerging
zoonotic viruses." (2020)
71	Brook et al. "Bats as 'special' reservoirs for
emerging zoonotic pathogens." (2015)
72	Allocati et al. "Bat-man disease transmission:
zoonotic pathogens from wildlife reservoirs to
human populations." (2016)
73	Streicker et al. "Ecological and anthropogenic
drivers of rabies exposure in vampire bats: implications for transmission and control." (2012)
74	Amman et al. "Marburgvirus resurgence in
Kitaka Mine bat population after extermination
attempts, Uganda." (2014)
75	 Olival. "To Cull, Or Not To Cull, Bat is the
Question." (2016)
76	Plowright et al. "Ecological dynamics of emerging bat virus spillover." (2015)
77	 Hollenbeck. "Interaction of the role of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations in Emerging
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78	Wiethoelter et al. "Global trends in infectious
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(2015)
79	 WHO. "Nipah virus" (2018) (https://www.who.
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80	 Looi & Chua. "Lessons From the Nipah Virus
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81	 WHO. "Morbidity and mortality due to Nipah
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82	 World Bank. "People, pathogens and our
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83	 WHO. "List of Blueprint priority diseases."
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84	 Looi & Chua. "Lessons From the Nipah Virus
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85	Epstein et al. "Nipah virus: Impact, origins, and
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86	Pulliam et al. "Agricultural intensification,
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87	Epstein et al. "Nipah virus: Impact, origins, and
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88	Epstein et al. "Nipah virus: Impact, origins, and
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89	 "People, pathogens and our planet."
(2012) (http://documents.worldbank.
org/curated/en/612341468147856529/

37
COVID-19 Report

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of COVID-19 Report
